welcome home

Q.
Who is the GM of Hewlett Packard (hp) ?
A.
Rajiv Gupta
Q.
Who is the creator of Pentium chip (needs no introduction as 90% of the today's computers run on it)?
A.
Vinod Dahm
Q.
Who is the third richest man on the world?
A.
According to the latest report on Fortune Magazine, it is Azim Premji, who is the CEO of Wipro Industries. The Sultan of Brunei is at 6 th position now.
Q.
Who is the founder and creator of Hotmail (Hotmail is world's No.1 web based email program)?
A.
Sabeer Bhatia
Q.
Who is the president of AT & T-Bell Labs (AT & T-Bell Labs is the creator of program languages such as C, C++, Unix to name a few)?
A.
Arun Netravalli
Q.
Who is the new MTD (Microsoft Testing Director) of Windows 2000, responsible to iron out all initial problems?
A.
Sanjay Tejwrika
Q.
Who are the Chief Executives of CitiBank, Mckensey & Stanchart?
A.
Victor Menezes, Rajat Gupta, and Rana Talwar.


Indians are the wealthiest among all ethnic groups in America, even faring better than the whites and the natives.

There are 3.22 millions of Indians in USA (1.5% of population). YET,
38% of doctors in USA are Indians.
12% scientists in USA are Indians.
36% of NASA scientists are Indians.
34% of Microsoft employees are Indians.
28% of IBM employees are Indians.
17% of INTEL scientists are Indians.
13% of XEROX employees are Indians.


Some of the following facts may be known to you. These facts were recently published in a German magazine, which deals with WORLD HISTORY FACTS ABOUT INDIA.

1
India never invaded any country in her last 1000 years of history.
2
India invented the Number system. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.
3
The world's first University was established in Takshila in 700BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century BC was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
4
According to the Forbes magazine, Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software.
5
Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans.
6
Although western media portray modern images of India as poverty striken and underdeveloped through political corruption, India was once the richest empire on earth.
7
The art of navigation was born in the river Sindh 5000 years ago. The very word "Navigation" is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH.
8
The value of pi was first calculated by Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is now k! ! nown as the Pythagorean Theorem. British scholars have last year (1999) officially published that Budhayan's works dates to the 6 th Century which is long before the European mathematicians.
9
Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India. Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the 11 th Century; the largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Indians used numbers as big as 1053.
10
According to the Gemmological Institute of America, up until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds to the world.
11
USA based IEEE has proved what has been a century-old suspicion amongst academics that the pioneer of wireless communication was Pr! ! ofessor Jagdeesh Bose and not Marconi.
12
The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra.
13
Chess was invented in India.
14
Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted surgeries like cesareans, cataract, fractures and urinary stones. Usage of anaesthesia was well known in ancient India
15
When many cultures in the world were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilisation).
16
The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC.


Quotes about India.

We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made.
Albert Einstein.
India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grand mother of tradition.
Mark Twain.
If there is one place on the face of earth where all dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India .
French scholar Romain Rolland.
India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border.
Hu Shih (former Chinese ambassador to USA

Tatia Tope
He was the here of the Revolt of 1857, he was among the first to raise his voice for the freedom of his country. The British rulers feared this courageous and mighty general. When he was deceived by his friend, he faced his death like a hero.


Rani Laxmi Bai
She symbolizes the bravery of Indian women and their sacrifice for the country. She led her troops to battle against the British in the Revolt of 1857. One of the first women martyrs of the country..


Mahatma Gandhi
The Mahatma who is considered to be the father of the nation was the architect of India's freedom and arguably the greatest man of this century. Gandhiji's life was dedicated to the ideals of Truth, Non- violence and Love. He led the non violent movement for freedom and became an ambassador of peace to the world.


Sardar Patel
India's Man of Steel as he is better known is responsible for the existence of united India today. During the indepenence procedures, he managed to persuade the different princely states to join the Indian Union and make India a single country.


Bal Gangadhar Tilak
He gave the people a strong cause to fight for when he said "Swaraj is our birthright". He was an indefatigable worker for India's freedom and development, he founded schools and published newspapers. He wore himself out, in his bid to awaken the sleeping patriotism of his fellowmen.


Bhagat Singh
He was a fierce patiot, a young revolutionary. His bravery has made him i a symbol of the heroism of the youth of India. He threw a bomb when the Legislature was in session, to warn the British Government. He was executed by the British Government but lives on in the heart of India as a beloved hero.


Ashfaqualla Khan
He was the young pathan patriot who kissed his hangman's noose and gave up his soul with the name of Allah on his lips. A courageous young man endowed with a will of steel, he dedicated everything to the service of India and her struggle for freedom.


Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Azad took part in the Khalifat movement. He wrote in a revolutionary journal called Al Hilal. He joined the Indian National Congress (I.N.C) in January 1920. He presided over the special session of Congress in September 1923 and at 35 years of age, was the youngest man to be elected the President of the Congress.


Surendranath Banerjee
Surendranath Banerjee played a major part in channelizing the youth forces of Bengal towards the the struggle for freedom. He served as the President of the Indian National Congress twice, in 1895 and 1902. He became the editor of a paper called "Bengalee" from 1878 and wrote fearlessly on patriotism, freedom, unity and culture.


Dr. Annie Besant
Annie Besant was born of Irish parents in London but made India her home from November, 1893. It was said of her that "there was scarcely any modern reform (in England) for which she had not worked, written spoken and suffered." She was the one who started the Home Rule league in India

Republic India Coinage
India won its independence on 15th August, 1947. During the period of transition India retained the monetary system and the currency and coinage of the earlier period. While Pakistan introduced a new series of coins in 1948 and notes in 1949, India brought out its distinctive coins on 15th August, 1950.
Chronologically, the main considerations influencing the coinage policy of Republic India over time have been:
The incorporation of symbols of sovereignty and indigenous motifs on independence;
Coinage Reforms with the introduction of the metric system;
The need felt from time to time to obviate the possibility of the metallic value of coins rising beyond the face value;
The cost-benefit of coinisation of currency notes
Independent India Issues could broadly be categorised as
The Frozen Series 1947-1950
This represented the currency arrangements during the transition period upto the establishment of the Indian Republic. The Monetary System remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 192 pies.
1 Rupee = 16 Annas
1 Anna = 4 Pice
1 Pice = 3 Pies
The Anna Series
This series was introduced on 15th August, 1950 and represented the first coinage of Republic India. The King's Portrait was replaced by the Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one Rupee coin. In some ways this symbolised a shift in focus to progress and prosperity. Indian motifs were incorporated on other coins. The monetary system was largely retained unchanged with one Rupee consisting of 16 Annas.
Denomination
Metal
Obverse
Reverse
Rupee One
Nickel
Half Rupee
Nickel
Quarter Rupee
Nickel
Two Anna
Cupro-Nickel
One Anna
Cupro-Nickel
Half Anna
Cupro-Nickel
One Pice
Bronze
The Decimal Series
The move towards decimalisation was afoot for over a century. However, it was in September, 1955 that the Indian Coinage Act was amended for the country to adopt a metric system for coinage. The Act came into force with effect from 1st April, 1957. The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature. It, however, was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. For public recognition, the new decimal Paisa was termed 'Naya Paisa' till 1st June, 1964 when the term 'Naya' was dropped.
Naya Paisa Series 1957-1964
Denomination
Metal
Weight
Shape
Size
Coin
Rupee One
Nickel
10 gms
Circular
28 mm
Fifty Naye Paise
Nickel
5 gms
Circular
24 mm
Twenty Five Naye Paise
Nickel
2.5 gms
Circular
19 mm
Ten Naye Paise
Cupro-Nickel
5 gms
Eight Scalloped
23 mm (across scallops)
Five Naye Paise
Cupro-Nickel
4 gms
Square
22 mm (across corners)
Two Naye Paise
Cupro-Nickel
3 gms
Eight Scalloped
18 mm (across scallops)
One Naya Paisa
Bronze
1.5 gms
Circular
16 mm
With commodity prices rising in the sixties, small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and Aluminium-Bronze were gradually minted in Aluminium. This change commenced with the introduction of the new hexagonal 3 paise coin. A twenty paise coin was introduced in 1968 but did not gain much popularity.

Aluminium Series 1964 onwards
Denomination
Metal
Weight
Shape
Size
Coin
One Paisa
Aluminium-Magnesium
0.75 gms
Square
17 mm (Daigonal)
Two Paise
Aluminium-Magnesium
1 gm
Scalloped
20 mm (across scallops)
Three Paise
Aluminium-Magnesium
1.25 gms
Hexagonal
21 mm (Daigonal)
Five Paise
Aluminium-Magnesium
1.5 gms
Square
22 mm (Daigonal)
Ten Paise
Aluminium-Magnesium
2.3 gms
Scalloped
26 mm (across scallops)
Twenty Paise
Aluminium-Magnesium
2.2 gms
Hexagonal
26 mm (diagonal) 24.5 mm (across flats)
Over a period of time, cost benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1, 2 and 3 paise coins in the seventies; Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paise, was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of Re 1, Rs 2, and Rs 5 led to the gradual coinisation of these denominations in the 1990s.
Contemporary Coins
Denomination
Metal
Weight
Diameter
Shape
Cupro-Nickel
9.00 gms
23 mm
Circular
Cupro-Nickel
6.00 gms
26 mm
Eleven Sided
Ferratic Stainless Steel
4.85 gms
25 mm
Circular
Ferratic Stainless Steel
3.79 gms
22 mm
Circular
Ferratic Stainless Steel
2.83 gms
19 mm
Circular
Ferratic Stainless Steel
2.00 gms
16 mm
Circular
Provided by: Amit Shedha